Command Line Interface

Introduction

The file settings.py contains the configuration of BATMAN. It can be devided into 2 mandatory blocks and 3 optionnal block. Fields in brackets are optionnal and there is no specific order to respect.

Note

A prefilled example is shown in settings.json located in test_cases/Snippets.

Help of the CLI can be triggered with:

batman -h

usage: BATMAN [-h] [--version] [-v] [-c] [-s] [-o OUTPUT] [-r] [-n] [-u] [-q]
          settings

BATMAN creates a surrogate model and perform UQ.

positional arguments:
  settings              path to settings file

optional arguments:
  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
  --version             show program's version number and exit
  -v, --verbose         set verbosity from WARNING to DEBUG, [default: False]
  -c, --check           check settings, [default: False]
  -s, --save-snapshots  save the snapshots to disk when using a function,
                        [default: False]
  -o OUTPUT, --output OUTPUT
                        path to output directory, [default: ./output]
  -r, --restart         restart pod, [default: False]
  -n, --no-surrogate    do not compute surrogate but read it from disk,
                        [default: False]
  -u, --uq              Uncertainty Quantification study, [default: False].
  -q, --q2              estimate Q2 and find the point with max MSE, [default:
                        False]

Note

Fields in square brackets are optionnals.

Block 1 - Space of Parameters

First of all, we define the parameter space using an hypercube. Taking the minimal and the maximal value along all coordinates allow to describe it.

_images/hypercube.pdf

3-dimentionnal hypercube

"space": {
    "corners": [
        [15.0, 2500.0],
        [60.0, 6000.0]
    ],
    "sampling": {
        "init_size": 4,
        "method": "halton",
        "distributions": ["Uniform(15., 60.)", "BetaMuSigma(4035, 400, 2500, 6000).getDistribution()"],
        "discrete": 0
    },
    "resampling":{
        "delta_space": 0.08,
        "resamp_size": 0,
        "method": "sigma",
        "hybrid": [["sigma", 4], ["loo_sobol", 2]],
        "q2_criteria": 0.9
    }
}
  • corners: define the space using the two corners of the hypercube [[min], [max]],

  • sampling: define the configuration of the sample. This can either be; a list of sample as an array_like of shape (n_samples, n_features); or a dictionary with the following:

    • init_size: define the initial number of snapshots,
    • method: method to create the DoE, can be uniform, faure, halton, sobol, sobolscramble, lhs (Latin Hypercube Sampling), lhsc (Latin Hypercube Sampling Centered) or lhsopt (optimized LHS), saltelli,
    • [distributions]: A list of distributions. Ex for two input variables: ["Uniform(15., 60.)", "Normal(4035., 400.)"],
    • [discrete]: index of the parameter which is discrete.
  • [resampling]: to do resampling, fill this dictionary

    • resamp_size: number of point to add in the parameter space.
    • method: to be choosen from sigma, loo_sigma, loo_sobol, hybrid, discrepancy, optimization, extrema.
    • [delta_space]: the percentage of space to shrink to not resample close to boundaries. For 0.08, the available space for resampling will be shrinked by 8%.
    • [hybrid]: if method is hybrid. You have to define a generator which is a list [["method", n_snapshot]].
    • [extrema]: to be used with optimization, will find the global maximum if set to max.
    • [q2_criteria]: stopping criterion based on the quality estimation of the model.

The method used to create the DoE is paramount. It ensures that that the physics will be captured correclty all over the domain of interest, see Space. All faure, halton and sobol methods are low discrepancy sequences with good filling properties. saltelli is particular as it will create a DoE for the computation of Sobol’ indices using Saltelli’s formulation.

When distribution is set, a join distribution is built an is used to perform an inverse transformation (inverse CDF) on the sample. This allows to have a low discrepancy sample will still following some distribution.

Regarding the resampling, all methods need a good initial sample. Meanning that the quality is about Q_2\sim0.5. loo_sigma, loo_sobol work better than sigma in high dimentionnal cases (>2).

Warning

If using a PC surrogate model, the only possibilities are discrepancy and extrema. Furthermore, sampling method must be set as a list of distributions.

Block 2 - Snapshot specification

A snapshot defines a simulation.

"snapshot": {
    "max_workers": 5,
    "plabels": ["x1", "x2"],
    "flabels": ["X", "F"],
    "io": {
        "point_filename": "sample-space.json",
        "data_filename": "sample-data.csv",
        "point_format": "json",
        "data_format": "csv"
    },
    "provider": ...  # comes in 2 flavors
}
  • max_workers: maximum number of simultaneous running snapshots.
  • plabels: names of the parameters that serve as coordinates of a snapshot point.
  • flabels: names of the variables to treat that are contained in a snapshot.
  • point_filename: name of the json file that contains the values associated with plabels.
  • data_filename: name of the file that contains the output flabels of a snapshot.
  • point_format, data_format: json, csv, npy, npz.

The provider block defines what a simulation is. It comes in two flavors. A simulation can either be the result of a user-provided python function, or it can be an external program that produces a data file.

Provider Plugin - User-provided python function

Snapshot data is produced by calling a python function. No I/O is performed, it is the provider that shall bring the better performance.

"provider": {
    "type": "plugin",
    "module": "my.python.module",
    "function": "f"
}
  • type: type of provider. Must be set to plugin.
  • module: name of the python module to load.
  • function: name of the function in module. Called whenever a snapshot is required.

Provider File - Read data from files.

Snapshot data is read from files. If a file for a particular snapshot doesn’t exist, it is produce by executing a user-specified external program. Snapshots existing in standard directories are automatically discovered by this provider.

"provider": {
    "type": "file",
    "discover_from": "my/existing/snapshot/directory",
    "context_directory": "data",
    "coupling_directory": "batman-coupling",
    "command": "bash script.sh",
    "clean": false
}
  • type: type of provider. Must be set to file.
  • discover_from: path to a directory containing user-provided snapshots. (optional)
  • context_directory: directory containing input data and script for building snapshot data files.
  • coupling_directory: directory in context_directory that will contain input parameters and output file. Its creation and deletion is handled by BATMAN.
  • command: command to run the external program. Launched from context_directory. The program shall read its input parameters from coupling_directory/point_filename and write its outputs to coupling_directory/data_filename.
  • clean: delete after run all but snapshot files in execution directory. Content in context_directory is always preserved.

Note

Not specifying context_directory or command means no job were specified. It can make sens for those who want to provide their own snapshot data through the discover_from directory.

Warning

BATMAN will crash if it needs a snapshot point that were not provided and no job were specified !

Optionnal Block 3 - Surrogate

Set up the surrogate model strategy to use. See Surrogate.

"prediction": {
    "method": "kriging",
    "predictions": [[30, 4000], [35, 3550]]
}
  • method: method used to generate a snapshot one of rbf (Radial Basic Function), kriging, pc (polynomial chaos expension) or evofusion method. Otherwise it can be a string that define a model from Scikit-Learn regressors. Ex "RandomForestRegressor()"
  • [predictions]: set of points to predict.

For kriging the following extra attributes can be set:

  • [kernel]: kernel to use. Ex: "ConstantKernel() + Matern(length_scale=1., nu=1.5)".
  • [noise]: noise level as boolean or as a float.
  • [global_optimizer]: whether to do global optimization or gradient based optimization to estimate hyperparameters.

For pc the following extra attributes must be set:

  • strategy: either using quadrature or least square one of Quad or LS.
  • degree: the polynomial degree.

Note

When using pc, the sampling must be set to a list of distributions.

For evofusion the following extra attributes must be set:

  • cost_ratio: cost ratio in terms of function evaluation between high and low fidelity models.
  • grand_cost: total cost of the study in terms of number of function evaluation of the high fidelity model.

Note

We can fill directly the number of points into the brackets or indirectly using the script prediction.py located in test_cases/Snippets.

Optionnal Block 4 - UQ

Uncertainty Quantification (UQ), see UQ.

"uq": {
    "test": "Channel_Flow"
    "sample": 1000,
    "method": "sobol"
    "pdf": ["Normal(4035., 400)", "Uniform(15, 60)"],
    "type": "aggregated",
}
  • test: use a test method for indices comparison and quality calculation. Use one of: Rosenbrock, Michalewicz, Ishigami, G_Function, Channel_Flow,
  • sample: number of points per sample to use for SA,
  • method: type of Sobol analysis: sobol, FAST (Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Testing). If FAST, no second-order indices are computed and defining a surrogate model is mandatory.
  • type: type of indices: aggregated or block.
  • pdf Probability density function for uncertainty propagation. Enter the PDF of the inputs, as list of openturns distributions. Ex: x1-Normal(mu, sigma), x2-Uniform(inf, sup) => ["Uniform(15., 60.)", "Normal(4035., 400.)"]

Optionnal Block 5 - POD

POD (or Proper Orthogonal Decomposition) is a approach to help reduce amount of data.

"pod": {
   "dim_max": 100,
   "tolerance": 0.99,
   "type": "static"
}
  • tolerance: tolerance of the modes to be kept. A percentage of the sum of the singular values, values that account for less than this tolerance are ignored,
  • dim_max: maximum number of modes to be kept,
  • type: type of POD to perform: static or dynamic.

The dynamic POD allows to update the POD once a snapshot is availlable. Hence a POD can be restarted when doing resampling for example.

Optionnal Block 6 - Visualization

Set up for the visualization options. Batman creates a response function (1 input parameter), response surfaces (2 to 4 input parameters) or a Kiviat graph (more than 4 input parameters). See Visualization.

"visualization": {
   "bounds": [
       [15.0, 2500.0],
       [60.0, 6000.0]
   ],
   "doe": true,
   "resampling": true,
   "axis_disc": [20, 20],
   "flabel": "Cost function",
   "plabels": ["X", "Y"],
   "feat_order": [1, 2],
   "ticks_nbr": 14,
   "range_cbar": [0.0, 2.3],
   "contours": [0.5, 1.0, 1.5],
   "kiviat_fill": true
}
  • bounds: Floats. Response surface boundaries. Those boundaries should be included inside the space corners defined in the Space of Parameters block. Default values are the space corners,
  • doe: Boolean. If true, the Design of Experiment is represented on the response surface by black dots. Default value is false,
  • resampling: Boolean. If true, Design of Experiment corresponding to the resampling points are displayed in a different color. Such points are represented by red triangles. Only activates if doe is true,
  • axis_disc: Integers. Discretisation of each axis. Indicated value for the x and the y axis modify the surface resolution, while values corresponding the the 3rd and 4th parameters impact the frame number per movie and the movie number,
  • flabel: String. Name of the cost function,
  • xlabel: String. Name of the abscissa,
  • plabels: Strings. Name of the input parameters to be plotted on each axis,
  • feat_order: Integers. Associate each input parameter to an axis, the first indicated number corresponding to the parameter to be plotted on the x-axis, etc… A size equal to the input parameter number is expected, all integers from 1 to the parameter number should be used. Default is [1, 2, 3, 4],
  • ticks_nbr: Integer. Number of ticks on the colorbar (Display n-1 colors). Default is 10,
  • range_cbar: Floats. Minimum and maximum values on the colorbar,
  • contours: Floats. Values of the iso-contours to be plotted on the response surface,
  • kiviat_fill: Boolean. If true, will fill the surface of the Kiviat plot.

Driver module

Driver Class

Defines all methods used to interact with other classes.

Example:
>> from batman import Driver
>> driver = Driver(settings, script_path, output_path)
>> driver.sampling_pod(update=False)
>> driver.write_pod()
>> driver.prediction(write=True)
>> driver.write_model()
>> driver.uq()
>> driver.visualization()
class batman.driver.Driver(settings, fname)[source]

Driver class.

__init__(settings, fname)[source]

Initialize Driver.

From settings, init snapshot, space [POD, surrogate].

Parameters:
  • settings (dict) – settings.
  • fname (str) – output folder path.
fname_tree = {'data': 'data.dat', 'pod': 'surrogate/pod', 'predictions': 'predictions', 'snapshots': 'snapshots', 'space': 'space.dat', 'surrogate': 'surrogate', 'uq': 'uq', 'visualization': 'visualization'}
func(x_n, *args, **kwargs)

Get evaluation from space or point.

If the function is a Kriging instance, get and returns the variance.

Returns:function evaluation(s) [sigma(s)]
Return type:np.array([n_eval], n_feature)
logger = <logging.Logger object>
prediction(points, write=False)[source]

Perform a prediction.

Parameters:
  • points (space.point.Point or array_like (n_samples, n_features).) – point(s) to predict.
  • write (bool) – whether to write snapshots.
Returns:

Result.

Return type:

array_like (n_samples, n_features)

Returns:

Standard deviation.

Return type:

array_like (n_samples, n_features)

provider_class = {'file': <class 'batman.tasks.provider_file.ProviderFile'>, 'plugin': <class 'batman.tasks.provider_plugin.ProviderPlugin'>}
read()[source]

Read Surrogate [and POD] from disk.

resampling()[source]

Resampling of the parameter space.

Generate new samples if quality and number of sample are not satisfied. From a new sample, it re-generates the POD.

restart()[source]

Restart process.

sampling(points=None, update=False)[source]

Create snapshots.

Generates or retrieve the snapshots [and then perform the POD].

:param Space points: points to perform the sample from. :param bool update: perform dynamic or static computation.

uq()[source]

Perform UQ analysis.

visualization()[source]

Apply visualisation options.

write()[source]

Write Surrogate [and POD] to disk.